The Evolution and Sustenance of Life

As a Cambridge undergraduate in 1967, I conducted an experiment confirming the Clausius-Clapeyron relation. A silica helium thermometer immersed in liquid nitrogen gave anomalous readings. I suggested a proton-ordered variant of ice Ic crystallizing on its surface had deformed it. Sixteen ice structures are now known, recent reports of a phase transition in ice Abstract "An experiment with liquid nitrogen gave anomalous results, I proposed proton-ordered ice had contracted to accommodate water molecules' irregular tetrahedral shape. Recent reports of ice XIc at 72 K, below the ferroelectric transition temperature, confirmed it. Temperature fluctuations on primordial Earth’s poles released ice XIc's latent energy as ~4 m infrared laser light. After reflection by ice in clouds and on Earth's surface, it energized deoxynucleotides, turning Darwin's warm tropical waters to DNA noodle soup. "tRNA analogues, transport DNAs lined proto-cell membrane pores with H-bonds. Laser light drove a ratchet pump mechanism, concentrating substrates and promoting synthetic reactions within. Replicate t-DNAs marked life's origin. They elude detection, chromosomal DNA masks ~2,000/cell. A report of DNA particles around the entry of sperm to ovum might be verified. Differentiation DNAs selecting tDNAs determine tissue cell diet and metabolism, c.f. mRNAs selecting tRNAs for protein synthesis. Adequate trace elements tDNAs employ govern survival. "Twenty-one flat protein hairpins bind 189 base-pairs forming a ring, nine rings complete a minion. Minions pack chromosomes and ensure error-free replication. Their roles as biological clocks and chips in the brain explain psychology. Computers modeled on them promise human-friendly intelligence. They control nine metabolic pathways, predating enzyme synthesis. Adequate trace element nutrition promises better mental and physical health and longevity, public assurance of their safety is vital. "ATP's Pi~Pi bond stores~4 m wavelength energy, e.g. sarcomeres form 1⁄2-wave resonant cavities for muscle contraction. Oscillating H-bond chains accelerate protons along adjacent minion tunnels fast enough to fuse with obstructing nuclei. Trapping the g-rays released could provide clean power, resolving global warming. My proposals restore the simplicity and public trust in science prevailing c 1900 AD, reinterpreting quantum weirdness and cosmology would redirect funds to conservation, humanitarian projects and diplomacy, ensuring a happy future."

XIc [1] corroborate my proposal. All records of the observations made on that occasion were lost or destroyed. Examining laboratory records or anyone who might remember the episode after half a century could cause offence. Ice XIc is reputed to crystallize extremely slowly but FIG. 1, includes sufficient information to replicate my observations.

Origin of Life
Water's a fascinating molecule, all sixteen types of ice accord with Laue's classification and obey the ice rule-each tetrahedral water molecule hydrogen bonds with four neighbors-creating the beautiful shapes of snow-flakes. Linus Pauling showed the entropy of ice Ih persists on cooling to 0 K [2]. Life may either be treated as a collection of entities or as a process. My argument presumes the pre-existence of a dilute solution of atoms and ends describing how life assembles themit's circular. Lightning maintained dynamic equilibrium in the primordial soup before intra-cellular metabolism evolved.
Life's essential prerequisites are an energy source matching H-and Pi~Pi bonds and its products accumulating for eons, FIG.

2.
Alexander Oparin [3] proposed life began in primitive cells he called coacervates. Miller and Urey simulated lightning in a primordial atmosphere containing methane and ammonia, it yielded chemicals including amino acids. Cairns-Smith proposed clay surfaces afforded an interface for molecules to congregate. Evaporation concentrates chemicals in puddles and hot hydrothermal vents promote chemical reactions but they're isolated and temporary. RNA world advocates propose ribosomes arose spontaneously [4], RNA being a better catalyst than DNA, they ignore the need for substrate concentration. Panspermia doesn't address the question of its origin. Protein synthesis is a complex process unlikely to emerge spontaneously.
Creationists calculate probabilities and demand in vitro proof.
The observed surface temperatures at Mercury's poles and on the moons of Jupiter [5] are consistent with pools of liquid nitrogen forming on Earth's poles during a primordial ice age. Snow, rain and hail fell into them and crystallized as ice XIc.
Its cubic structure resembles diamond, H-bonds are individually weak but strong when aligned. Temperature fluctuations drove its phase transition at 72 K [6], accommodating the irregular tetrahedral shape of water molecules. The water www.tsijournals.com | March-2017 molecules are aligned electrets, making it ferroelectric so their coordinated rearrangement releases latent energy as infrared laser light, ice-light with wavelength λ ≈ 4 μ. tRNA has an H-bond-lined 'hole'. (d). Transport DNA's ratchet mechanism.
When λ~4 μ laser light was used to de-ice aircraft wings, it was reflected. Reflection by ice in clouds and on Earth's surface

Minion Structure and Function
DNA uncoils, retaining B-helical spacing and overlap and binds to anti-parallel β-pleated sheet hairpin proteins with alternate neutral alanine, leucine, isoleucine or valine and basic lysine or arginine residues, an asymmetric proline U-bend creates a ~17° angle between adjacent units. Twenty-one nine-base-pair units form a coil, (readily degrading to a nucleosome core particle). More protein hairpins bind nine coils together, forming a minion (connoting mind and subservience). Histone   Qualities vary with frequency range, ± correspond to introvert and extravert personalities, periods=63 N τ, colors feature in metaphors, masses are in ratio 63 2 , me/mp = electron/proton masses, substituting µ=√M for M makes E=Mc 2 symmetric: E=µ 2 c 2 , * connotes approximation.
Inter-coil comparisons correspond to ratios and percentages, justifying our use of exponents and logarithms [11]. The H-bond settings of ω-amine-Pi bonds store an 18-character word using a 64-character alphabet. Minions serve as chips in the brain, www.tsijournals.com | March-2017 they span eighteen frequency bands, 103-octaves and the electromagnetic spectrum, a greater range than neural networks. As Piet Hein wrote: Things Take Time, untargeted evolution has taken human intelligence beyond silicon chip technology. The 1.8 M minions in any human cell nucleus could remember the Bible, Koran and Shakespeare's works. Copies are distributed throughout the brain like a holograph so memories can survive brain damage.
Integrating neurologists', psychiatrists' and philosophers' personality classifications suggested nine personality traits: goodness, truth, beauty, peace, love, progress, stability, justice and unity. The gold, bronze and silver caskets corresponding to truth, love and justice in Shakespeare's Merchant of Venice prompted an investigation of the psychology of color, those used by political parties, in national flags and metaphors contributed. Academics' personalities reflect characteristics typifying their interests. Negative and positive traits correspond to introversion and extroversion respectively.
Our fingers, ears, tongues, eyes and noses encode touch, taste, hearing, sight and smell inputs. The way synesthetes substitute senses suggested adding instinct, belief, aesthetics and joy to the physical senses. Evidence for minions' bases 9 and 63 includes: • Gray's Anatomy uses 9 colors for brain regions  Surprisingly, the ½-lives and wavelengths of γ-rays emitted by 12 [17] and Lemaître's big bang cosmology [18] fill gaps.
Using particle accelerators, telescopes and rockets to test them diverts research funds from humanitarian projects.
The relativity between perception and conception only affects particle physics and cosmology. The conundrums arising from new physics can be resolved by substituting τ for Planck's constant [19], replacing plane surfaces with spheres and treating time as imaginary. They're simpler than quantum mechanics and account for Einstein's spooky action at a distance, Earth's curvature and gravitation. Verifying the minion structure could restore public confidence in science.
Tanks of bacteria performing molecular scale nuclear fusion emit γ-rays, trapping them could generate clean energy to resolve global warming. Water films on palladium crystals [20], neutron emissions from electric storms and collapsing bubbles also conduct cold fusion. Scientists and engineers must abandon the searches for fundamental particles, alien life and quantum computers and engage in this venture. My proposals make many correct predictions but my logic needs reappraisal.
Homo sapiens, the wise man, built pyramids and other symmetrical religious monuments at great expense, Karl Marks' Religion is the opium of the people invited religious tolerance, free speech and human rights. Astrological cycles correlate with those of minions, explaining the recurrent realization of prophecy. Sharing a common origin, all biological clocks are in synchrony, accounting for telepathy. They're in phase, contradicting Heisenberg's uncertainty. The Western and Chinese zodiacs and ~2000-year astrological Great Ages are consistent with minion logic and provide a framework for understanding history.

Calculations
Using these parameters and coordinates of water molecules in ices Ic and XIc: Parameters:

Trace Element Nutrition
Transfer RNAs are the smallest active nucleic acid moieties, suggesting the first bio-active molecules were transport DNAs, tDNAs, tRNA analogues lining pores through Oparin's coacervate proto-cell membranes with hydrogen bonds. Flashes of lightning polarized the H-bonds, creating membrane potential. Substrates matching their outer rims combined with carriers to form ionic complexes. Now adenyl-/guanyl-cyclase, replaces 4 μ infrared from ice-light, depolarizing them and the net electric field propels them through more efficiently than barrels of α-helical proteins opening and closing. The mechanism could be verified using zeolite and Buckminster-fullerene molecular cages.
Nucleotide transport enabled local tDNA replication, multiple pumps afforded a balanced diet including amino acids. tDNAs control nine independent metabolic pathways today predating protein synthesis: motility, sensitivity, excretion, respiration, growth, skeleton and tooth maintenance, assimilation, reproduction and blood pressure. The elements involved constitute life's atomic alphabet, the substrate complexes transported its molecular vocabulary, their chemistry its grammar.
Concentration is prerequisite to chemical reactions synthesizing all life's components. The notion that oxidants destroy free radicals is discredited. The following accounts highlight resonant cavities convert chemical to mechanical energy and conjugated single/double bonds, (-C-C=C-)n transferring energy as solitons.

Motility
Biological systems deploy resonant cavities to couple chemical with mechanical energy and conjugated (-C─C=C-)n bonds conduct energy as solitons [21], FIG. 5, Sulfur from glutathione is oxidized to sulfite, carrier for calcium/magnesium exchange. ATP's phosphodiester bonds have the same energy as ice-light, Mg controls their hydrolysis. Sarcomeres of striated muscle contract to form ½-wave cavities resonating with the ~4 μ infrared released, avoiding the thermodynamic inefficiency of Huxley's model [22]. For sustained muscle contraction, silver exchanges creatine for creatinine phosphate, replenishing ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria commensurate with ~4 μ store the infrared they generate until the cytochrome chain converts it to chemical energy. Chloroplast grana absorb light wavelengths matching their dimensions for photosynthesis. Centrioles' nine peripheral rods also afford such cavities, spindle fibres' three α-helices provide nine conjugated bond paths. The energy they transmit drives proton currents round chromosomes' minion coils, rendering them alternating electromagnets. Resonance between chromosomes of equal length creates an alternating electric force causing their mutual repulsion at cell division.

Sensitivity
Nerves transmit pain, catecholamines [nor-]adrenaline and dopamine form four-and six-member rings around Na + and K + ions at synaptic junctions. They exchange sodium for potassium and change cell charge, enabling the passage of signals between minions. Morphine and codeine substitution creates larger complexes, they block tDNAs and prevent pain transmission. Pain sensitivity increases when more are recruited to compensate, accounting for addiction. LDopa counteracts Parkinson's disease. Na + ions have the same shape and size as H2O and form such large hydrates as Na + .28H2O, rendering the cell sap viscous and reducing metabolic rate. K + ions bind less water, substituting them for Na + speeds reactions, explaining the reflex fight or flight response.

Respiration
Breathing exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen, distributed bound to haemoglobin in red blood cells, O2 can't diffuse through membranes. Thyroid glands load thyroxine with iodine, FIG. 6, a proton displaces iodonium, I + at target tissues.
Iodonium carries oxygen hydrate, O2.H2O, decaying to iodide for recycling. Oxygen transport protects littoral seaweeds from tidal O2 fluctuations, their purple and yellow colours match those of I + and I -.
tDNAs deliver protons to the amide/hydroxy groups of nicotinamide in NAD[P], bonding with nitrogen, oxygen, nitric oxide and ethylene, they drive parallel reactions: • Hydrogen is released whilst fixing nitrogen [23]; more efficient than the Haber process, genetically modified bacteria could reduce pollution.
• Photolysis of water accounts for atmospheric oxygen [24] • Nitric oxide controls vasodilation

10.Growth
The Biuret test illustrates peptide bonds' high affinity for copper. tRNAs transfer amino acid complexes through the endoplasmic reticulum to ribosomes for protein synthesis, analogous to tDNA substrate transport through cell membranes. A cascade of hormones amplifies a single molecular signal, alerting all body cells: hypothalamic hormones stimulate anterior pituitary Cu distribution, they promote endocrine hormone production and it drives protein synthesis. Failures cause gigantism, dwarfism and acromegaly.
Differentiation DNAs binding tDNAs controls tissues' specialist functions, nuclear DNA is unchanged. At cell division, tDNAs feeding from gastrula and blastula are starved of nutrients and overheat. Guanyl cyclase replaces adenyl-cyclase, synthesizing hook proteins binding daughter cells together,  Acid air pollution (SOx/NOx) entering leaves via stomata prevents SiO2 production, leading to leaf-fall [25]. Liming the soil proved ineffective, delaying diesel exhaust regulation. SOx/NOx also promotes inappropriate SiF6 = synthesis in the nasal fossa, it's passed along the olfactory nerves to the brain. There, breakdown releases Fand deposits alumino-silicate plaques. Finhibits Krebs cycle, killing cells and disrupts protein folding as nascent proteins pass through tDNAs, creating β-amyloid and -protein tangles. Aluminium hexafluoride is excreted and Fcleared from the brain four days after fluorinated anaesthetic administration. Alzheimer's Disease [26] symptoms are relieved until disintegrating nerve cells release more F -.
Reducing acid air pollution or F --containing pharmaceuticals might manage dementia.

Hooks
Morphology 0 Pluripotetent stem cells 1 Gametes and leucocytes 2 Spirogyra filaments 3 Sponge sheets 4 Spirogyra filaments 5 Tissues combine up to 5 hooks 6 Allow tumour and cancer growth Similar tangles in Prion diseases [27], result from mutant tRNAs misinterpreting mRNA sequences and incorporating the wrong amino acids to proteins; embedded mutant tRNAs render them infectious. Genetically engineered tRNAs and tDNAs might prevent their inheritance.

12.Assimilation
Zinc binds to the triangle of sweetness [28] found in β, D-glucose, vitamin C derivative 2-keto-L-gulonate, barbiturates, insulin and glucagon. Glucose transport using Zn as carrier maintains animal blood and plant xylem/phloem sugar concentrations, controlling carbohydrate metabolism. Pavlov noted his dog lapping up diabetics' urine. Pancreatic β-cells incorporate Zn to insulin, anticipating, tasting or smelling food promotes its secretion; L -gulonate takes Zn where insulin can't reach. Pancreatic α-cells secrete glucagon, recycling Zn and disabling glucose transport. Banting, Best and Hodgkin won Nobel prizes for elucidating insulin's function and structure.
Vitamin C or Zn deficiency caused scurvy affecting sailors' skin, digits and gonads until limes high in vitamin C prevented it. Zn incorporates hydroxy-proline to connective tissue protein collagen. The zinc sulphide in Calamine™ lotion performs the same function. The vitamin C supplements Linus Pauling [29] advocated prevent importing rhinoviruses causing colds and flu, Zn blocks nasal tDNAs. Since Zn is cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase, consuming alcohol and taking barbiturates divert it to the liver, the reduced glucose supply to the brain causes inebriety, attention to Zn might manage alcoholism. Cu coil contraceptives inhibiting sperm glucose uptake prevent them reaching their target.
When adult hemoglobin replaces fetal, Zn conjugates glucose to bilirubin for excretion causing neonatal jaundice, bilirubin reaching the brain can cause seizures. Zn in colostrum [30] affords natural protection, sucking a midwife's pewter spoon was traditionally effective, blue-blooded families' silver spoons were useless. The many types of diabetes arise from defects in this pathway, an implanted Zn monitor linked to an artificial pancreas might improve its management. Diabetics suffer from glaucoma when Zn accumulates in the vitreous humor of their eyes. Sugar excreted in urine causes kidney infections poor peripheral circulation loss of fingers and toes.
reaching the brain can cause seizures. Zn in colostrum [30] affords natural protection, sucking a midwife's pewter spoon was traditionally effective, blue-blooded families' silver spoons were useless. The many types of diabetes arise from defects in this pathway, an implanted Zn monitor linked to an artificial pancreas might improve its management. Diabetics suffer from glaucoma when Zn accumulates in the vitreous humor of their eyes. Sugar excreted in urine causes kidney infections poor peripheral circulation loss of fingers and toes.

Reproduction
The pineal gland distributes silver in 6-member serotonin and melatonin rings like those catecholamines form around potassium. Porphyrins, FIG. 8, supply nature's colors: • Magnesium porphyrin the green of chlorophyll Anti-cancer drugs mimic PPi. Arg, before the advent of antibiotics, Ag was widely used in medicine, it might control resistant pathogens. In animal trials, Ag colloid was effective against cancers; they can develop when its deficient. Ag repairs tissues and sister hormone melatonin regulates sleep. Phosphate has independent roles in energetics, DNA synthesis and skeletal maintenance are independent.

14.Water Pumping
Peter Mitchell's chemiosmosis [32] presumes water diffuses freely through unit membranes, regards them as semi-permeable and proposes they equilibrate differences in osmotic pressure. Exchanging three sodium for two potassium ions maintains membrane potential. The active transport of water is essential. Mevalonate, residue of saturated fat breakdown, is named after the herb Valerian, it was formerly known as all heal. Water is transported by a tDNA exchanging mevalonate-5-phosphate for mevalono-lactone-5-phosphate.

Acknowledgements
Apart from correspondents' occasional suggestions for revisions this is all my own work. See also my thesis, Some biochemical consequences of a consistent framework for the origin of life 11 , FQXi essay and Science Uncoiled (Melrose Press, available in English and Chinese).