The immune potentials of probiotics

Review Article

ISSN: 2475 6326

Ibrahim mohammad saeed shnawa^*
College of Biotechnology-University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon/Iraq

Corresponding author: Ibrahim mohammad saeed shnawa, College of Biotechnology-University of Qasim, Qasim, Babylon/Iraq. Email: ibrahimshnawa3@gmail.com

Citation: Ibrahim mohammad saeed shnawa (2016). The immune potentials of probiotics. Int J Vac & Im Sys. 1:1, 14-18. DOI: 10.25141/2475-6326-2016-1.0014

Copyright: ©2016 Ibrahim mohammad saeed shnawa. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Received Date: December 14, 2016; Accepted Date: December 16, 2016; Published Date: December 20, 2016

Abstract:

Probiotics are vaccine allied biologics, vaccine adjuvants ,oral vaccines ,vaccine prim-boost and, vaccine delivery systems .They are formed from commensal bacteria and commensal yeasts .Such candidate preparation are developed and evaluated in a way similar to that of vaccine development and evaluations with less stringent control measures . They can be of therapeutic and preventive uses both for infectious and lympho-proliferative diseases.

Introduction:

The concept of using bacteria for treatment and prevention as well as health insurance is not modern but it is rooted back to 1930s of the 20th century . However in the current days there is a renewal of the interest of probiotic use.Probiotic technology covers the theme of selection of strains, preparation of starters ,studying the strain physiology and strain immune potentials well as cell immobilization techniques .Probiotics displayed their preventive and /or therapeutic influences through their immunogenicity, immune-modulating as well as tumor reducing activities^[1].The objective of the present mini-review was to introduce probiotics as an immune-prophylactants and immunotherapeutics

Concept:

Originally ,probiotics as a term is referred to a secretory product of a microbe that promotes the growth of the other microbe living within the same ecologic niche Such term means in the straight English language” For the life”^[2].Parker in 1975^[3] have demonstrate that probioics denoted to substances of microbe that posses positive role in restoration of the equilibrium of the intestinal microflora.Fuller in 1989^[4],have been assured that probiotics means microbes which have certain biological and immunological determinants by which they can pass through mouth till intestines (ceccum).

Features:

The immune-biologic features of the probiotic microbes are being depicted in Table 1.They adhere to the intestinal and uro-genital cells and reduce pathogens through steri- hinderence ,production of bio-surfactants ,production of biocines and competition for nutrients .After instillation in the intestines and vagina they persist for three days in the intestines and seven weeks in the vagina .Some probiotic strains resist the micro-bicides and spermicide activities in intestines and vagina respectively.They formed coaggregates,biofilms and overgrow other pathogens,though they are nonpathogens.Probiotic bacteria are mainly from Lactobacilli and bifidobacter, while probiotic yeasts are from the genera Saccharomyces and Candida.^[1,4].
MODE OF ACTION^[5,6,7]
Probiotics performed their immune-biologic functions via several immune mechanisms like;
i-Adherence and colonization of mucosal surfaces.
Ii-Competition for nutrients.
iii-Antagonism
iv-Production of Organic acids
v-Co-aggregation and overgrowth
vi-Immune mechanisms like antibody responses induction of cytokine network ,immune-adjuvant action ,tumor reducing ability

Technology:^[8,9,10]

Cell immobilization techniques have pre-requests ,such prerequests are being stated in the following;
i-Candidate Probiotics ;After the starter of the probiotic microbes are being propagated and thoroughly evaluated using a series of evaluation parameters then they are ready for loading to a specified carrier.
ii-The chemical nature of the carrier materials are hetero-geneous including, polysaachardes ,starch ,dextran and agarose derivatives .Alternatively ,proteins can be of use as loading carriers such as gelatin , albumin and resins.
iii-Cell immobilization; Cell immobilization processes are, loading, linking , entrapping of microbial probiotic cells and encapsulation.
iv-Entrapping; Probiotic cells are trapped inside synthetic tissues made from gel such as polycrylamide ,K-carrageenan and calcium alginate. Though ,calcium alginate ,carrrageenan and starch are preferred.
v-Encapsulation System; The use of starch as an encapsulation
system for probiotics will be as in the following steps;
i-Large granules are treated with enzyme to obtain porous structure.
ii-If starch found as amylase it should be solubilized and cooled .
iii-The treated starch is of use as carrier in which probiotic suspension derived from broth culture media is precipitated on the surface of the starch granules to fill up the porous structures allowing chemical and physical bounding to starch surface
iv-The final product is lyophilized to be obtained in dried form.

Capsule Migration:^[8.9,10]

The capsule production in this way is known as simple precipitation and it is most sound in use and of high efficiency for production of coats for this stable and resistant capsules. The probiotic starch encapsulation is resistant to action of acids ,juces and enzymes on passage through; mouth, esophagous ,stomach and small intestines ,when the capsule reach colon it hydrolyzed and probiotic materials are released after grow and increase in numbers due starch formation by the colonic bacteria and by the probiotic growing cells.

Evaluation Criteria:

Both of the small and large scale production of probiotics should fulfills several evaluation criteria^[8,9,10] which includes the followings
i-Reliability ,strain nature.
ii-Viability’.
iii-Adhesion Ability.
iv-Antagonistic Activity.
v-Safety., proof to be non-toxic
vi-Stability. ,genetic back ground.
vii-Immunogenicity, antibody and cytokine response.
viii-Immuno-modulating activity.
ix- Immune Protectivity.
x-Tumor Regression Ability.

Probiotic Host Immune Responses:^[11,12]

When the probiotic cell clones reached , thereby in the colon they are taken up by M cells onto the surface lining of the Pyres patches or across the normal epithelium overlying the lamina properia .In pyres patches the M cells transport the intact probiotic cells to the phagocytes to be phagocytized by the antigen presenting cells(APC) the macrophage and dendritic cells. The APC process and express the antigenic peptide along with MHCII molecules onto its surface. The peptide MHC combinations on the surface of APC ,in turn presented to T cells through helper effect will activate B lymphocyte to grow ,proliferate, expand and then differentiated to plasma cells. While if the probiotic antigen crosses the normal epithelium ,it will has the potential to activate the lamina properia T cells and induce T cell immune responses.

When the mucosal immune responses are stimulated ,primed T and B lymphocytes migrate through lymphatic vessels ,then entered the peripheral blood circulation via the thoracic lymph duct. Extravasation do happened to the immune cells and then enrolled in traffic ,migrate and homed into the common mucosal immune system compartments ;lamina properia ,respiratory tissue ,uro-genital tissue ,mammary and salivary glands .Such migration is referred to as an IgA cycle. Though on the contrary to the migration and homing stories . If the probiotic cells are bounded to epithelial cells, then they will have only local effects on the gut. They are unable to induce IgA cycle or to increase CD4+ T cells. Their effects only exerted through the induction of cytokine release by the stimulated cells without the need for antigen processing. Probiotics, during the passage through the gut ,they will raise up S IgA, cytokine responses as well as they will induce their own specific mucosal antibody responses of the gut .

Probiotics Versus Vaccine:

Probiotics are vaccine and vaccine allied Biologics. There are some similarities and difference in between them^[13].

Biotherapy:^{[14,15,16,17,18,19]}

Probiotics have been tempted in rather many therapeutic protocols of human and animal diseases to modulate immunity in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and, allergic diseases like atopic dermatitis .They, also posses the potential of tumor growth reduction and prevention of diarrhea and urinary tract infection. Diarrhea occur in around 20% of patients whom received antibiotic treatment. Antibiotic associated diarrhea results from microbial imbalance that lead to decrease in the endogenous micro-flora that is usually responsible for colonization resistance and decrease in colonic capacity for fermentation. It has been found that probiotic treatment restore patient normal state in a range of 5 to 17%. Several controlled randomized trails have shown the beneficial effects of probiotics in therapeutic and preventive measures of gastroenteritis patients. In a group of 116 patients with IBD were given probiotic preparations .It was found that it is effective as that of Mesasalalin (R) in inducing remission and preventing relapse of IBD patients .

Immune Potentials:^[20,21,22]

Probiotics are responsible for about 70% of human immune responses and anti-cancerous ability^[18].They have antiinflammatory influences^[19] .Probiotics posses vaccine adjuvant effects and vaccine prime-boost potentials as well as vaccine and vaccine delivery system as well ,Tables 3 and 4.

Concluding Remark:

Finally to put-forward a concluding remarks to this mini-review one may state the basic immune features of probiotics as in the following;
i-Anti-inflammatory.
ii-Anti-autoimmune disease.
iii-Anti-cancerous.
iv-Immuonogen.
v-Immuno- adjuvant.
vi-Vaccine.
vii-The boost part of the prime boost protocol.
viii-Vaccine delivery System.